Hysterectomy
A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the
uterus, usually done by a gynecologist. Hysterectomy may be
total (removing the body and cervix of the uterus) or partial
(also called supra-cervical). In many cases, surgical removal
of the ovaries (oophorectomy) is performed concurrent with a
hysterectomy. The surgery is then called "total abdominal
hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy."
Women who have total abdominal hysterectomy
with salpingo-oophorectomy surgeries lose most of their ability
to produce the female hormones estrogen and progesterone and
subsequently enter what is known as "surgically-induced
menopause" (as opposed to normal menopause, which occurs
naturally in women as part of the aging process). In women under
the age of 50, hormone supplements (usually estrogen) are often
prescribed as part of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to offset
the negative effects of sudden hormonal loss (most notably an
increased risk for early-onset osteoporosis). This treatment
is somewhat controversial due to the known carcinogenic and
coagualative properties of estrogen; however, many physicians
and patients feel the benefits outweigh the risks in women who
would otherwise be "too young" to be in full-blown
menopause.
Although many hysterectomies are performed via
a full abdominal incision laparotomy, two common surgical approaches
which are less invasive are laparoscopically or vaginally. Surgery
with ovarian conservation is an option for the pre-menopausal
patient with benign disease (non cancer).
Indications for hysterectomy include uterine
fibroids, pelvic pain (including endometriosis and adenomyosis),
pelvic relaxation (or prolapse), heavy or abnormal menstrual
bleeding, and cancer or pre-cancer diseases. In addition, transsexual
women undergoing gender reassignment surgery as part of a female-to-male
transition usually have hysterectomies and oophorectomies either
prior to or as part of the procedure.
Uterine fibroids, although a benign disease,
may cause heavy menstrual flow and discomfort to some women.
Many treatments are possible: Pharmaceutical (the use of NSAIDs
for the pain or hormones to suppress the menstrual cycle), uterine
artery embolization, or surgical. The surgical treatment varies
depending on the location of the fibroids. If the fibroids are
inside the lining of the uterus, hysteroscopic removal might
be an option.
New treatment options have begun to decrease
the number of hysterectomies performed in the United States,
Canada, and Britain. Despite the availability of alternative
treatments to hysterectomy, many women still have traditional
hysterectomy. For some patients, these alternatives are not
appropriate, or may have been previously tried and been found
unsuccessful. All patients should be counselled on alternative
therapies and offered them if appropriate. The goal of decreasing
the number of unnecessary hysterectomies should be an underlying
one.